The Cold War Was A War Between The Western And Eastern...

The Cold War was a war between the western and eastern sides of the world. The war was a big intense political discussion between conservative and social democratic parties across Europe. The war majorly was between the United States and the Russian Soviet Union. The war started around 1945 and went on for close to 45 years. The cold war affected more than just the Soviet Union and the United States it affected the whole world. The leaders of the United States were, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Dwight David Eisenhower, and Ronald Wilson Reagan. The primary leader of the Soviet Union was Joseph Stalin. In the paper I will talk about the person Joseph Stalin was and, what he did during the war, how he affected the war, his later years in the war. Joseph Stalin was born in Djugashvili in the middle of December in 1878. Not much is known about his younger years as a child. He was an only child and it is said that he grew up in a very poor house hold. Stalin’s remors eless attitude can be credited to his father actions since he was beaten as a child. Due to this Stalin dedicated his life to his studies which in turn lead to him getting a scholarship. He then used this scholarship at a catholic school in hopes of becoming a priest. While studying to become, a priest he also began indulging in the readings of Karl Marx. This influenced him to practice Marxism and got him kicked out of school for it. In Stalin’s earlier years he started out as a political agitator, heShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War During World War II1324 Words   |  6 PagesWhen World War II ended, the last thing the countries imagined was another worldwide conflict. But that’s exactly was soon ensued when the Cold War erupted between the Eastern powers and the Western powers. The Eastern powers consisted of the Soviet Union and the Western powers consisted of America, Britain and France. During World War II, these allies had a common ground to work together in effort to fight against Hitler and the Nazi Party. The Cold War wasn’t an actual war where battles were fought;Read More Why the Cold War developed by 1949 Essay865 Words   |  4 PagesBy 1949, the Cold War had developed in many ways since 1945. The most significant factor to the development of the Cold War since the end of World War II, was the building of the Iron Curtain in 1946 which divided the communists countries of Eastern Eu rope from the non-communist countries of the West and considerably contributed to the hostilities between the West and the USSR. Other reasons why Cold War had developed by was because of the different ideology to begin with, the Marshall Plan and TrumanRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1504 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War was not a bloody war, but rather a political war between the United States and the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). Although war usually ends up in bloodshed, this particular war brought beneficial changes into todays society. The Cold War, in a nutshell, was the fight for communism vs. capitalism. With this, I contend, that there are various contributions from this war, that created the society that we live in today. At the end of World War Two, came the beginning of theRead More Cold War Essay976 Words   |  4 Pages War is normally associated with destruction and death to end a conflict or some sort of disagreement but that is not always the case. After World War II the United States and the Soviet Union began a war that would span decades yet there would be no direct battle between the two nations. This time is called the Cold war because of its lack of battle between just the two nations. Even though it was never the soviets verse the Americans the Soviets often fought the Americans. What could have wentRead MoreThe Soviet Union And The Cold War1693 Words   |  7 Pagesduring the Second World War, became adversaries during the Cold War. The conflict between the communist and the capitalist ideologies was the main cause for starting the Cold War. The Soviet Union had a different idea on how they wanted to run their country. The Soviet Union want to run their country as a communist country, which a communist country is ruled by one dictator who is calling the shots and they put the needs of the country before the needs of personal human rights. The Western powers wantRead MoreThe Cold War : A New History By John Lewis Gaddis1690 Words   |  7 Pagesthat was present since the dawn of American history. The American revolt against the arrogant, totalitarian regime set a precedent for the future events in which the nation came together to oppose anything that went against the concept of democracy, and capitalism. Communism, or Marxism posed as a huge thr eat to the free mined Western societies, thus resulting in world wars that left perilous aftermaths, and bred an ongoing conflict between the two global political establishments. The Cold War, whichRead More Causes of the Cold War Essay741 Words   |  3 PagesCauses of the Cold War In this paper I will discuss what actions and thoughts added up to cause the cold war. The cold war lasted from September 1, 1945 to about December 25, 1991. That is about forty-five years, which is an extremely long time. The cold war was a global competition basically between two sides, the Free World, which was led by the United States of America, and the Communist World led by the Soviet Union. The struggle took place through indirect military conflict, and directRead MoreCauses Of The Cold War1716 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War, a conflict between the United States and Soviet Union, the two global superpowers at the time. Given the name â€Å"Cold War† only for the fact that neither the Soviet Union nor the United States fought directly with one another, instead the war was waged through allies in the form of proxy wars and through increased use of intensive espionage, a never-ending arms race, immense technological competition and on a political forefront as both sides tried to gain the upper hand. The Cold WarRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a period in world history marked with increased tensions primarily between the United States and the Soviet Union. Both countries desired to expand their ideologies across the globe, the U.S. urging capitalism and democratic elections and the Soviets promoting communism. After the allies had obtained victory in World War II, the Yalta Conference was held. Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, wanted to expand his sphere of influence into Eastern Europe and demanded thatRead MoreThe Political Legacy Of The Cold War1447 Words   |  6 Pages Every once in a while a new International world order is set. The first two events that had the biggest effect on international structure were World War I and World War II, the third was the Cold War. Though the Cold War did not end in a direct war, it caused the fall of the Soviet Union which shifted the world to a unipolar front – The United States of America. With the fall of the USSR, came the cementing of the United States geopolitical influence, new additions to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

The Federal Minimum Wage Law - 962 Words

The federal minimum wage law was signed in 1938 by President Franklin Roosevelt in order to keep people out of poverty and increase consumer purchasing power. This has done the opposite by hurting businesses and reducing employment, while minimum wages go up, so will the costs of living. Most of the people working for minimum wage are 16 between 24 years old, 37% of workers are going to school working part time. Enrollment tuition has increased over the years, and raising the minimum wage could mean further increasing expenses. But, for people who aren t pursuing an education and begin working right out of school, the federal minimum wage $7.25 looks like it can be hard to live on. Raising the minimum wage would most likely increase with the cost of living, making cost of living or tuition even more expensive, making it harder to pay for groceries or bills. Just because someone starts out at a minimum wage job, doesn t mean they can t progress through the company and earn a bette r wage over the years. Minimum wages are more for entry level paying jobs that don t require any certain set of skills to be able to do what they ask. Maintaining the current federal minimum wage of $7.25 will help stop rise of inflation. Most people who don t make much, say they are poor, but the word poor needs to be defined for Americans. Thomas Sowell an economist said,†Most Americans living below the government-set poverty line have a washer and/or a dryer, as well as a computer.Show MoreRelatedFederal And New York Minimum Wage Laws1586 Words   |  7 PagesA Federal District Court judge in Manhattan ruled in June of 2013, that Fox Searchlight Pictures had violated federal and New York minimum wage laws by not paying production interns, it was a case that could radically affect the long-held practice of businesses to rely heavily on unpaid internships. The judge had decided that Fox Searchlight should have paid two interns on the movie â€Å"Black Swan,† because t hey were essentially regular employees. The interns were made to do basic chores usually doneRead MoreCongress As Part Of The Fair Labor Standards Act1084 Words   |  5 PagesStandards Act (FLSA) instituted minimum wage back in 1938. The first minimum wage was at $0.25 per hour and the last minimum wage increase occurred in 2007. Over the past 65 years the minimum wage has varied considerably in inflation-adjusted buying power. It has averaged $6.60 an hour in purchasing power in 2013 dollars, but it has ranged from a low of $3.09 an hour in late 1948 to a high of $8.67 an hour in 1968. Today’s minimum wage buys somewhat more than the minimum wage has historically, althoughRead MoreThe Effects of a Minimum Wage Law655 Words   |  3 PagesWhat are the Effects of a Minimum Wage Law? A minimum wage is the lowest amount of money per hour that the government of the country assigns employers to pay their employees. The minimum wage is based on an idea that the employers have a responsibility for their employees to live in a reasonable standard of living. The minimum wage laws have directly effect to most industries because of the potential of decreasing their budget. As a result, the minimum wage is still an issue that people researchRead MoreState and Federal Systems of Government Essay1705 Words   |  7 PagesState and Federal Systems of Government MGT434 May 29, 2006 State and Federal Systems of Government Labor and employment laws define US workers rights and protect s employees from employers retaliation for exercising our rights under the laws or reporting violations to the proper authorities. As Bennett and Hartman explain, these laws Â…seek to make the power relationship between employer and employee one that is fair and equitable (Employment Law for Business, pg. 88). Employers haveRead MoreThe Effects Of Minimum Wage On The Economy1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects Minimum Wage on the Economy The controversial topic about increasing minimum wage is debated countless times over the years. Minimum wage is the lowest wage an employer can pay an employee permitted by law. The contemporary federal minimum wage is $7.25. Minimum wage applies to all domestic workers but teenagers are the main receivers of minimum wage. Minimum wage has a major effect on the economy. The question is are the effects positive or negative. There are many arguments on whetherRead MoreMinimum Wage Laws For The United States Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesThe minimum wage is the mandated price floor paid on hourly or daily basis for the employees regulated by the government or the union. In â€Å"Federal Minimum Wage†, New Zealand and Australia enacted the first minimum wage law during the late 19th century to prevent employers’ exploitation of workers. In 1912, Massachusetts passed the first minimum wage legislation in the US that was enforced for women and children, and fifteen more st ates followed in the next eleven years. However, the Supreme CourtRead MoreEssay on We Must Raise the Minimum Wage1615 Words   |  7 Pages Minimum wage is the lowest wage an employer can pay their employees. There is a Federal minimum wage and in some cases a State Minimum wage. The current Federal minimum wage is $7.25. An employee who makes $7.25 an hour and works 40 hours a week, will earn about $14,000 per year. The Federal government deemed that the poverty line is anyone who makes less than $17,000 a year (â€Å"Federal Minimum†). Therefore anyone that makes minimum wage lives below the poverty line. As president ObamaRead MoreThe Minimum Wage Of The United States928 Words   |  4 Pagesdissertation is that the federal minimum wage in the United States (US) has been at a stalemate for several years. (Addison et al, 2013) While policy makers are undecided whether to sign a bill into law that will increase the federal minimum wage, the workforce is he ld in a quandary. The inequality of wages across the country is unbalanced, because some states and various industries are exempt from the minimum wage laws. (Clain, 2012) Due to lack of awareness of the minimum wage laws, the workforce employedRead MoreEssay on The Minimum Wage Must Be Increased1575 Words   |  7 PagesNo family gets rich from earning the minimum wage. In fact, the current minimum wage does not even lift a family out of poverty. -- Jon Corzine Many people can think back and remember what it was like to put in an application for that first job and be presented with a position. Taking that position represents adulthood and is a very exciting time for a young person. All first jobs usually start with a minimum wage. Minimum wage is the minimum an employer has to pay an unskilled workerRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Legal1156 Words   |  5 Pagesbusinesses argued about minimum wage. Whether it should be raised or leave it the way it is. But, what exactly is minimum wages? Minimum wage is the least amount of money per hour that must be paid to a worker after surrounding a service according to the law. Many working class families’ lives depend on this minimum wages. There are few families who make less than $15000 a year who feed their families on this salary and still pay bills from it. Over the past year, the federal government has been working

The Nutritional Effects Of Energy Availability On...

The Nutritional effects of energy availability on metabolic rates and fecundity to diet in Artemia Franciscana. 1. Introduction: The Aquatic crustacean Artemia Franciscana is a significant organism for models in scientific studies on ecology and phycology and has increasingly been exploited for use in aquaculture as a commercial resource (Irwin, S., Wall, V. Davenport, J. 2007). Artemia Franciscana commonly referred to as brine shrimp are widely distributed in inland salt water bodied niches of lakes and estuarine areas around the world where their main nutritional sources are obtained (Irwin, S., Wall, V. Davenport, J. 2007). In these ecological niches they experience large fluctuations in their physicochemical environments, predominantly temperature, nutrition, salinity and oxygen tension (Irwin, S., Wall, V. Davenport, J. 2007). Artemia Franciscana is considered a phagotrophic filter feeder (Evjemo, J.O. Olsen, Y. 1999) which uses its larval antennae to start ingesting food (Evjemo, J.O. Olsen, Y. 1999). The optimal temperature for growth in Artemia Franciscana ranges between 25 and 30oC (Evjemo, J.O. Olsen, Y. 1999). Among these various factors affecting aquatic species, the level of nutrition quality is paramount to metabolic rates and fecundity. Every animal has different nutritional targets that are needed for optimal performance function (McGrill, 2010). Nutrition quality is broken into two main components of energy content, micro and macro nutrientsShow MoreRelatedNutritional Effects Of Nutritional Quality Of Food1105 Words   |  5 PagesNutritional effects in Artemia Introduction: Respiration is a vital process for any organism to do physiological activities, like reproduction and metabolism, because it supplies required energy to the organism by convert glucose into energy. Once the respiration rate is altered, it can affect the metabolic processes of the organism directly. The nutritional quality of food can also affect the metabolism of the organism. Organism has specific target intakes for the specific function. FurthermoreRead MoreDescribe The Structure And Function Of The Digestive System970 Words   |  4 Pages Keys Words Command Words Is your evidence accurate/Tasks P1 Describe nutrition, including nutritional requirements using recommended guidelines from public health sources associated with nutrition Nutrition macronutrients †¢ carbohydrates, †¢ proteins, †¢ fats Nutrition micronutrients †¢ vitamins, †¢ fibre Research and define nutritional requirements †¢ Recommended Daily Allowance, RDA †¢ Optimum Level, OL †¢ Safe Intake, SI †¢ Estimated Average Requirements, EAR To achieve P1:Read MoreDetermining the Energy Requirements of an Individual2913 Words   |  12 Pagesdetermination of patients’ energy needs is important in the clinical practice since the balance between energy intake and expenditure has important implications to the patient’s health, as well as underfeeding and overfeeding. However, identifying the patients’ energy expenditure and designing adequate nutritional support for them can be a task, and measurements and estimative calculations are currently used in the clinical setting for this purpose1,2. Determining the energy requirements of an individualRead MoreGrowth Factors Of Breastfeeding1583 Words   |  7 Pagesresistin, which are directly involved in the regulation of consumption and energy balance. The presence of these various growth factors, hormones and cytokines allows breast milk to have unique qualities that make it beneficial for the maturing of the neonatal gut and the metabolic formation of infants. A case control by Kramer was one of the initial studies to suggest that breastfeeding exerts a natural protective effect on later obesity. Armstrong et al. conducted a study on a cohort study ofRead MoreIron Deficiency Anemia From Poor Dietary Intake And Or Absorption Of Iron Causes1830 Words   |  8 Pagesknown though at times it is a side effect of some ARVs (Kenyan National Guidelines on Nutrition and HIV/AIDS, 2007). Persons with HIV who are anemic progress faster to AIDS than those without. 2.4.1 Weight loss and wasting in HIV/AIDS The relationship between nutrition and HIV/AIDS is best understood by considering the effect of the disease on body size and composition and the immune system. Body size and composition are used as indicators of protein-energy status, and are commonly expressed inRead MoreThe Theory Of The Social Work Profession1102 Words   |  5 Pagesbuy (Lee, 2012). When limited, people often buy cheap, long lasting and if walking or using the bus, lighter weighted foods (Lee, 2012).Lee also states that these individuals may only have access to convenience stores in which lack an array of nutritional food options. A lack of education causes one to greatly limit the amount of jobs in which they can obtain and less chances of receiving a raise. Those who live in impoverished areas also lack opportunities such as attending college, joining activitiesRead MoreA Small Herd Of 14 Brahman Cross Weaners And Our Schools2752 Words   |  12 PagesAusline cattle; 1 cow and calf, 1 heifer, and 1 steer, ho used in the same 40 acre paddock gained weight over a specific period of time, based on the average results in Table 2, then the animal has had adequate access to water and food of a sufficient nutritional value. As a predominant amount of the herd are weaners the relationship between the weight gains of the cattle over a specific amount of time, should produce results which display an inclination on the weight gain of the animal if the daily nutritionRead MoreGerm Theory Of Disease By Robert Koch And Louis Pasteur1246 Words   |  5 Pagesinvolved. For the microorganisms, is provided an environment regularly stocked with abundant food availability and ideal environmental conditions, such as optimal moisture and temperature. For the host, there is complementation of digestive metabolic pathways, homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium and barrier effect against pathogens. Indeed, the role of microbiota goes far beyond the nutritional contribution. According to Eberl (2010), such c omplex and dynamic equilibrium between a host and itsRead MoreQuestions On Advanced Physiology Of Exercise1776 Words   |  8 Pagesbuilders as our prime example compared to adaptations in endurance athletes such as marathon runners as well as sprinters. In the article presentations, we have also looked at diet manipulation and timing of exercise (once a day vs twice daily) and the effects on training responses. We know that the load and ATP demand play a huge role in skeletal muscle adaptation but in terms of training frequency and diet manipulation, with no definitive right or wrong, we will continue to see more and more studies performedRead MoreMicrobial Induced Calcite Precipitates ( Micp )1600 Words   |  7 Pagessolutions, in addition to methods to introduce the bacteria and these chemical solutions to the soil. The main aim of this research is to provide an overview of the various factors affecting the MICP within the soil, where the research studied the effect of bacteria, soil particle size, nutrients, chemical solutions, pH, temperature and injection strategies on the efficiency of MICP as a method to improve the chemical and mechanical properties of the soil. Keywords: MICP, Bacteria, Nutrients, Chemical

Ethics Ethics And Ethics - 1583 Words

INTRODUCTION What Is ‘Ethics’? Ethics is the concern that humans have always had for figuring out how best to live (Shannon Vallor, 2011). The philosopher Socrates is quoted as saying in 399 B.C., â€Å"the most important thing is not life, but the good life (Aristotle, 2011). It was defined generally as a system of moral principles, by which human actions are judged right or wrong. the rules of conduct recognized in respect of a society of human actions (Debridge, 2000). The study of ethics can be found in many various places in our daily life. This report focuses on Engineering Ethics and summarizes an incident where some Canons of Engineering Ethics were neglected which lead to a fatal accident. What Is Engineering Ethics? According to†¦show more content†¦This fuel came in the form of liquid gas as it was determined earlier that more gas could be stored if it was liquefied. At No. 2 works (the gas plant yard), there were four tanks – three globular and one cylindrical which all held millions of gallons of liquid natural gas. These were all tanks located on the ground surface. (Digital, 2004) Stakeholders The stakeholders involved in this incident are the East Ohio Gas Company, the gas company in question; the affected Cleveland residents and the Pittsburgh-Des Moines Company, the tank designers. Causes Even though the real cause of the explosion was never ascertained, the stories vary. The last tank was designed to have a cylindrical shape believed to hold more natural gas, while the others were spherical. This was based on advice from Pittsburgh- Des Moines Company. (McElroy, 2012). Eventually, some people saw vapor leaking from one of the gas tanks in No.2 works. This escaped gas mixed with the oxygen in the surroundings and became combustible. A spark is believed to have ignited the gaseous mixture and caused the fatal explosion which eventually set off another explosion. Others believe that the shortage of materials due to the ongoing World War 2 might have led to different materials such as alloys used to construct the cylindrical tank. It was suggested that the quality of materials used for the constructionShow MoreRelatedEthics And Ethics : Ethics922 Words   |  4 Pagesand friend group to be altered. One change I was not anticipating making was my approach to ethics. Ove r the course of the past fifteen weeks, my knowledge of ethics as well as my approach to ethics has changed. I have become more knowledgeable about the different approaches to ethics and have gained insight as to where I stand in my approach to ethics. One thing that has changed in my approach to ethics since the beginning of the semester is I am now adamant that it is impossible to arrive at aRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pages†¢ Define ethics. Ethics is defined as the moral principles and standards that guide the behavior of an individual or group, while business ethics refers to said behavior in the work environment. Great leaders demonstrate and practice this both personally and professionally. With today’s constant media coverage of unethical decisions and their violators, it can be easy for many to people to assume that ethics codes are â€Å"just for show†. A prime example of the unethical culture that exists in businessRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics Essay2359 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"Ethics is about how we meet the challenge of doing the right thing when that will cost more than what we want to pay.† (The Josephson Institute of Ethics) When I think about everything that I have learned within the Business Ethics class, I think of one topic – Understanding Ethics. This teaches you many things like what ethics is, how to understand right and wrong, ethical reasoning and much more. â€Å"The field of ethics is the study of how we try to live our lives according to a standard of â€Å"right†Read MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics851 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Berger who stated, â€Å"Without ethics, man has no future. This is to say , mankind without them cannot be itself. Ethics determine choices and actions and suggest difficult priorities† (Berger). His meaning behind that quote is simple. In this world is there a right and a wrong way of doing something? In this world, ethics determines our actions and the consequences that come about those actions, determining right and wrong. The real question is however, are Ethics black and white? Is what is â€Å"right†Read MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics955 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Ethics is a key moral philosophy that helps us determine what is right and wrong. This paper will talk about my views on ethics. I will share personal examples of ethical situations that I have been in. I will also share where my ethical views originated from and why ethics is important to me. Next, I will discuss how ethics will affect my career and why it will be important in it. Lastly, I will talk about the importance of ethics in the global world. Personal: In my opinion ethics is a moralRead MoreEthics And The Ethics Of Ethics929 Words   |  4 Pages Ethics Nurse’s Before all parties involved can begin a working relationship, each individual should discuss and obtain a written description of the duties expected and the code of ethics that should be respected and followed; by beginning with a clear understanding of ethical values. Ethics: the study of right and wrong and how to tell the difference between them. Since ethics also means people s beliefs about right and wrong behavior, ethics can be defined as the study of ethics. EthicsRead MoreEthics And Ethics Of Ethics775 Words   |  4 Pagesmillion to settle a shareholder lawsuit. We can refer from the two previous examples that ethics education is crucial. The main reason for ethics education is that ethics courses and training would help students, who are going to become future managers and business decision makers, to resolve such ethical dilemmas correctly. As we know that most dilemmas often have multiple decision criteria. Business ethics classes would help students to realize which decision criteria lead to a preference for aRead MoreEthics And Ethics Of Ethics Essay1491 Words   |  6 Pagesemployees that the work place ethics code forbids using work-place resources for personal financial profit. To make ethically right decision in this ethical dilemma, I will focus on the philosophers’ standpoint and reasoning of ethics of care, ethics of justice, utilitarian ethics and universal principle to analyze the situation. In this tough situation, my conclusion is that I will not report this action to the higher authority although she is violating wor k place ethics code. I will provide my reasoningRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics1569 Words   |  7 Pages Ethics In Nursing Rayda M. Garcia Fairleigh Dickinson Universityâ€Æ' Ethics In Nursing The study of ethics, or applied ethics, is necessary for healthcare professionals who often face dilemmas that are not experienced by the general population. The fast-paced growth of medical technology has made the study of ethics even more relevant. The study of bioethics, or biomedical ethics, refers to moral dilemmas due to advances in medicine and medical research. Since medical law and ethics are oftenRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics1485 Words   |  6 Pages Ethics is a concept derived from an individual’s religion, philosophies or culture, forming a collection of moral principles carrying out the manner in which a person leads their life. In modern society philosophers divide ethical theories into three separate areas, meta-ethics, normative ethics and applied ethics. Meta-ethics refer to the origins and meanings of ethical principles, dealing with the nature of moral judgement. Normative ethics refers to what is right and wrong and concerned with

Protection of Vulnerable People Safeguarding those with Mental Illness Free Essays

string(135) " partnership between health and social care ensures that individuals receive sufficient support when they return to their communities\." Introduction Individuals with mental health conditions may suffer from neglect and abuse as a result of their condition (Taylor, 2006). Hence, the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK places emphasis on safeguarding these individuals and recognising them as a ‘vulnerable’ group. The Department of Health (2000) states that the act of ‘safeguarding’ is synonymous with protecting those who are more exposed to abuse and neglect. We will write a custom essay sample on Protection of Vulnerable People: Safeguarding those with Mental Illness or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main aim of this essay is to discuss safeguarding patients suffering from mental illness. The first part of this essay discusses vulnerability in this group. Factors that influence vulnerability and how these impact the health and wellbeing of these individuals will also be explored. The second part discusses multidisciplinary and multiagency interventions to protect and safeguard those with mental health conditions. The third part examines the safeguarding laws and policies that support and inform the work of a multi-disciplinary team. This will then be followed by a reflection of the findings of this essay and how these influence practice of a student nurse. Finally, a conclusion that summarises the key points raised in this essay will be done. Vulnerability of patients with mental health conditions Watkins (2008) observes that the limited ability individuals with mental health conditions to express themselves increase the risk of abuse. For example, patients might express their fears and anxiety through aggressive behaviour (RCN, 2008). When patients are placed in a new environment, such as a hospital setting, they might be unable to articulate their feelings and become anxious. This is aggravated when they could not see their family members or when nurses take over their families in providing for their care (RCN, 2008). McDonnell (2011) explains that is not uncommon for these patients to become defensive and aggressive when surrounded with ‘strangers’. Second, patients with mental illness often suffer from stigmatisation, discrimination and isolation (Lubkin and Larsen, 2011; Moran et al., 2013; Mestdagh and Hansen, 2014). Moran et al. (2013) states that isolation could aggravate the patient’s mental health condition since loss of social support increases risk of depression. Stigmatisation, on the other hand, increases vulnerability since patients might not access appropriate healthcare services due to negative perceptions of patients with mental illness (Mestdagh and Hansen, 2014). Individuals with a history of mental illness could also experience discrimination at work or when applying for employment (Lubkin and Larsen, 2011). All these factors influence the health and wellbeing of those with mental health condition. Lack of social support and inability of an individual to find an employment increase the risk of depression (Lubkin and Larsen, 2011). It is widely established (Cocker et al., 2014; Lubkin and Larsen, 2011) th at chronic depression is strongly associated with poor health outcomes such as development of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and other chronic conditions. Importantly, depression has been associated with poor adherence to medications or a care plan (Grenard et al., 2011). Hence, vulnerable individuals such as those with mental health conditions could suffer poorer health as a result of discrimination, stigmatisation and isolation. Multi-disciplinary and multiagency interventions to protect and safeguard those with mental health conditions A blended approach in caring for vulnerable individuals with mental health conditions has been promoted in the NHS (Transition Pathway, 2005). Different groups of healthcare professionals are involved in safeguarding those with mental health conditions. For instance, occupational therapists help patients engage in occupations that help restore meaning in their lives. On the other hand, therapists provide different types of counseling to assist individuals cope with their condition. For example, these therapists offer cognitive behavioural counseling or family therapy to help patients with their thought process or engage family members in the support and management of the individual (Gehart, 2012). Drawing from different literature, mental health nurses could also use current evidence to help inform care plans that are specific for the needs of a vulnerable individual. Meanwhile, a focus is made on patient-centred care (Transition Pathway, 2005) This means that vulnerable individuals participate in healthcare decisions regarding their health. Health and social care team members provide the needed support as they help students arrive at an informed decision. Today, there are many types of therapies and interventions for individuals with mental health condition. Watkins (2008) observes that each individual is unique and hence, blended approach and choices are necessary to create a healthcare plan specific for the individual. The chronic nature of mental health conditions also requires prolonged support and care from different healthcare team members. Similarly, multiple agencies have to coordinate care for each person. Many vulnerable individuals with mental health condition have to transition from supported care to independent living. Further, transition from adolescence to adulthood for vulnerable individuals could be a specially challenging time. The Department of Health (2011a) has provided the Pathways to getting a Life white paper to help health and social care practitioners coordinate care for those with mental health condition transition to independent living. One of the challenges when providing multidisciplinary and multi-agency care for vulnerable individuals is allowing patients to exercise autonomy while maintaining their safety. The Nursing and Midwifery Councils’ (NMC, 2008) code of conduct stresses the importance of respecting patient autonomy when making healthcare decisions. However, patient autonomy might be difficult to observe especially if choices of the patients could lead to poor health outcomes. On the other hand, patients are also encouraged to participate in healthcare decisions. While this is considered as best practice, some patients might be reluctant to participate in healthcare decisions (De Las Cuevas and Penate, 2014; Goggins et al., 2014; Hajizadeh et al., 2014). This might be due to poor levels of knowledge regarding their condition (Goggins et al., 2014) or inability to participate in healthcare decisions (De Las Cuevas and Penate, 2014). The former could be addressed through patient education while the latter through representation of a family member. Meanwhile, social care has an integral role in helping vulnerable individuals not only transition to independent living but also in assisting them find suitable employment. The partnership between health and social care ensures that individuals receive sufficient support when they return to their communities. You read "Protection of Vulnerable People: Safeguarding those with Mental Illness" in category "Essay examples" Hence, empowering patients to take care of their own needs and to manage their condition prevents exacerbation of the condition or development of complications. Safeguarding laws and policies The policy ‘No Health without Mental Health’ (Department of Health, 2011b) acts as a guide for different healthcare professionals, social care workers and other stakeholders when providing care for individuals with mental health conditions. Specifically, this policy states that equitable treatment should be provided for vulnerable groups. This suggests that treatment and services should not only be patient-centred but also responsive to the immediate and long-term needs of the vulnerable individual. However, equitable mental health treatment for different groups of patients still remains a challenge in the NHS. For instance, Nzira and Williams (2008) argue that all individuals, regardless of their race or ethnicity, should enjoy equality in choice of their care providers and process. However, analysis of recent literature (Cantor-Graae and Selten, 2005; Kirkbride et al., 2008; Marmot, 2010) suggest that individuals from the black and minority ethnic groups do not enjoy the same ‘equality’ promoted in the Department of Health’s (2011b) policy. Incidence of mental health conditions is still higher in the black and minority ethnic group compared to the general white population in the UK. Further, this group also experiences social exclusion as a result of poor housing opportunities. There is evidence that poor housing and homelessness have been associated with poorer mental health (Pattereson et al., 2013). Hence, individuals with mental health conditions who happen to belong to the black and minority ethnic groups tend to have poorer health outcomes compared to their white counterparts (Kirkbride et al., 2008). Apart from evaluating the impact of the ‘No Health without Mental Health’ policy on vulnerable groups, it is also essential to investigate current legislations that safeguard those with mental health conditions. The Equality Act (UK Legislation, 2010) and the Mental Health Act 2007 (UK Legislation, 2007) both promote the rights of mental health patients. The first Act supports equality in the workplace. For instance, the Act states that employers are generally not allowed to ask about the disability of an individual before a job is offered. Although this does not exempt employers from asking questions on the health and background of future employees when absolutely necessary, this shows that equality is observed in the workplace. Meanwhile, the Mental Health Act 2007 (UK Legislation, 2007) introduces changes to the previous Mental Health Act 1983 (UK Legislation, 1983). This time, definition for mental health professionals is broadened to include different healthcare pro fessionals who are involved in the care of patients even without their consent. It should be noted that patients who pose a significant threat to others and to their own selves are admitted, detained and treated in hospital settings under this Act. Refection On reflection, this essay helped me realised the importance of increasing my knowledge on the needs of vulnerable patients with mental health conditions and the factors that promote their vulnerability. Healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, serve in the forefront of care. As leaders of care, I will facilitate the care and management of vulnerable patients in the future. This is only possible if I am aware on how cultural differences, stigmatisation, discrimination and isolation influence the trajectory of their condition. I realised that all these factors are crucial in promoting inequalities in healthcare. If I fail to address these factors, I will not be able to provide quality care to my patients. This essay also helps me appreciate the value of working in multidisciplinary teams and being aware of the roles of each team member. Since mental health conditions are complex, a blended approach is necessary to address individual needs. Vulnerability of an individual is increased when team members fail to consider and address the holistic needs of a patient. In my current and future practice, I should be aware of how I could contribute to effective team collaboration in order to reduce patient vulnerability. There is also a need to be aware of different safeguarding laws and policies for mental health patients. This will help me use these laws and policies to lobby for the rights of my patients. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2008) stresses the importance of patient safety and providing only quality care. Patient safety is observed when policies and laws on safeguarding are used to the fullest. On reflection, I should continue to become acquainted with different policies and legislations on safeguarding to ensure that the rights of my patients are protected. Specifically, this will help me find appropriate programmes or care pathways for my patients. On reflection, I should provide patient education to help patients make informed decisions regarding their care. This will not only empower my patients but also help them self-manage their own conditions. Conclusion This essay explores the concept of vulnerability and focuses on patients with mental health condition as a representative of the vulnerable group. These patients have additional challenges since mental illness is still strongly associated with discrimination, isolation and stigmatisation. Ethnic background also plays a role in their access to appropriate health and social care services. Those belonging to the black and minority ethnic groups have higher incidence of mental illness and less access to healthcare services compared to their white counterparts. The care pathway for vulnerable groups is supported by different health and social care agencies. Multidisciplinary and multi-agency team working are necessary to provide support to vulnerable groups. This essay demonstrates the importance of coordinating care and using a blended approach. Patient-centred care is highly promoted in the NHS since it is essential to design a care plan specific to the healthcare needs of an individual . Finally, this essay shows the importance of becoming acquainted with different policies and legislations on safeguarding. Knowledge on these policies and laws will help nurses exercise patient safety and quality care. Nurses will be able to identify appropriate health and social care services for each mental health service user. References: Cantor-Graae, E. Selten, J. (2005) ‘Schizophrenia and migration: a meta-analysis and review’, American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, pp. 12-24. Cocker, F., Nicholson, J., Graves, N., Oldenburg, B., Palmer, A., Martin, A., Scott, J., Venn, A. Sanderson, K. (2014) ‘Depression in working adults: comparing the costs and health outcomes of working when il’, PLoS One, 9(9): e105430 [Online]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25181469 (Accessed: 3 November, 2014). De Las Cuevas, C. Penate, W. (2014) ‘To what extent psychiatric patients feel involved in decision making about their mental health careRelationships with socio-demographic, clinical, and psychological variables’, Acta Neuropsychiatrica [Online]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25288200 (Accessed: 3 November, 2014). Department of Health (2000) No secrets: Guidance on developing and implementing multi-agency policies and procedures to protect vulnerable adults from abuse. London: Department of Health. Department of Health (2011a) Pathways to getting a life [Online]. Available from http://www.ndti.org.uk/uploads/files/2011-Pathways-to-getting-a-life.pdf (Accessed: 3 November, 2014). Department of Health (2011b) No Health Without Mental Health: A Cross-Government Mental Health Outcomes Strategy for People of All Ages, London: Department of Health. Gehart, D. (2012) ‘The mental health recovery movement and family therapy, part 1: consumer-led reform of services to persons diagnosed with severe mental illness’, Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 38(3), pp. 429-442. Goggins, K., Wallston, K., Nwosu, S., Schildcrout, J., Castel, L. Kripalani, S. (2014) ‘Health literacy, numeracy, and other characteristics associated with hospitalized patients’ preferences for involvement in decision making’, Journal of Health Communication, 19(2), pp. 29-43. Grenard, J., Munjas, B., Adams, J., Suttorp, M., Maglione, M., McGlynn, E. Gellad, W. (2011) ‘Depression and medication adherence int eh treatment of chronic diseases in the United States: a meta-analsyis’, Journal of Internal Medicine, 26(10), pp. 1175-1182. Hajizadeh, N., Uhler, L. Perez Figueroa, R. (2014) ‘Understanding patients’ and doctors’ attitudes about shared decision making for advance care planning’, Health Expectations [Online]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25336141 (Accessed: 3 November, 2014). Kirkbride, J., Barker, D., Cowden, F., Stamps, R., Yang, M., Jones, P. Coid, J. (2008) ‘Psychoses, ethnicity and socio-economic status’, British Journal of Psychiatry, 193(1), pp. 18-24. Lubkin, I. Larsen, P. (2011) Chronic illness: impact and intervention, London: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Marmot, M. (2010) Fair Society, Healthy Lives: Strategic Review of health inequalities in England post-2010 [Online]. Available at: www.marmotreview.org (Accessed: 3 November, 2014). McDonnell, A. (2011) Managing aggressive behaviour in care settings: Understanding and applying Low Arousal Approaches. Australia: John Wiley Sons. Mestdagh, A. Hansen, B. (2014) ‘Stigma in patients with schizophrenia receiving community mental health care: a review of qualitative studies’, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(1), pp. 79-87. Moran, G., Russinova, S, Gidugu, V. Gagne, C. (2013) ‘Challenges experienced by paid peer providers in mental health recovery: a qualitative study’, Community Mental Health Nursing, 49(3), pp. 281-291. Patterson, M., Rezansoff, S., Currie, L. Somers, J. (2013) ‘Trajectories of recovery among homeless adults with mental illness who participated in a randomised controlled trial of housing first: A longitudinal, narrative analysis’, British Medical Journal Open, 3(9):e003442. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003442. Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008). Nursing and Midwifery Council Code of Conduct [Online]. Available from: http://www.nmc-uk.org/templates/pages/Search?q=spiritual%20care (Accessed: 3 November, 2014). Royal College of Nursing (RCN) (2008) â€Å"Let’s talk about restraint† Rights, risks and responsibility. London: RCN. Taylor, D. (2006) Schizophrenia in focus. London: Pharmaceutical Press. Transition Pathway (2005) Person Centred Transition pathway is here: How did it happen[Online]. Available from: http://www.transitionpathway.co.uk/index.html (Accessed: 3 November, 2014). UK Legislation (1983) Mental Health Act 1983. Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1983/20/contents [Accessed: 3 November, 2014]. UK Legislation (2007) Mental Health Act 2007 [Online]. Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/12/contents (Accessed: 3 November, 2014). UK Legislation (2010) Equality Act 2010 [Online]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/when-mental-health-condition-becomes-disability (Accessed: 3 November, 2014). Watkins, P. (2008) Mental health practice: A guide to compassionate care. London: Elsevier Health Sciences. How to cite Protection of Vulnerable People: Safeguarding those with Mental Illness, Essay examples

Theoretical Aspects of Public Relations

Question: Discuss about theTheoretical Aspects of Public Relations. Answer: Introdcution The theories are standpoints that are explained and enforced by the actions. The theories on one hand help explain the practical concepts and actions of a certain party or some issue that has no common definition. The theories are based on the prediction of the normal responses of the people to certain stimulants and there are specific theories in all fields to explain certain reactions to the stimulant that the parties are exposed to. The different theories apply different frameworks and use different reasons for a reaction therefore the different theories can shed light on the different aspects of the same reaction or action (Ledingham, 2003). The public relation is the way the corporate and political entities influence the target population. They use different theoretical frameworks to control the response of the people to some actions or steps they take or the normal practices that are used in the achievement of their goals. The public relations can be described as a bridge that spans the gap between the agenda of the entity and the overall desires of the people they target with the public relations (Seitel, 1998). This should be the only purpose of the organization in the public relations sector but it is much more than that in practice. The public relations from the definition can be the increasing of understanding of the others goal and purpose and increase the relation with the public the true purpose is to present the image and facilitate the change in the public perceptions to make the image of the political or corporate entity the primary one so that the people think about the entity what they what the people to t hink. This is one of the legal ways to manipulate the perception of the people for their own benefit and the corporate and political entities take full benefit of this to promote their public image which helps them gain profit in one form or another (van Es and Meijlink, 2000). There are many different issues where the public opinion carries much weight and in these cases the management of the response of the people are paramount not only to the benefit of the entity in many cases they are used to raise public awareness and possible consequences of the situations. The governing body of the many sovereign states use public relations to draw attentions of the citizens to various issues that might have potential impact on the sovereignty of the state or the wellbeing of its citizens. Therefore, in these cases the public opinion is valued as it incites the citizens into actions that will help stop the issue. The fact can not be denied that this is also a form of manipulation but as the benefits will ultimately reflect on the people and their wellbeing it is not in any way harmful. But the benefits that the entities gain in the form of personal benefits or gains in terms of the advantage over the competitors can not be condoned. These actions prove that there ar e two sides to the public relations campaign that is carried out by the corporate and political entities (Deephouse, 2000). The main factors defining the effects of the persuasion are the reasoning, the character of the speaker and the emotion that the statement of facts induces in the people. Therefore, the religious leaders and leaders of the different nations and celebrities can make a statement much of effective weapon of persuasion than the common people. The theoretical concept of persuasion is based on the concept that the opinion of groups and individuals can be changed by influencing their beliefs and values. The concept is based on the fact that the reaction of the people to a specific issue can be controlled and even directed in a specific direction by changing, modifying and reinforcing their beliefs and the change can be evident in the attitudes and behaviour towards the issue. Therefore, the persuasion is one of the main methods used by the news media to rouse public opinion for or against some issue. The anti terrorism perspective is one of the main issues that are the concern of the people all over the world. This is one of the most frequent topics of discussion in the news media that both positively and negatively influence the anti terrorism sentiment (Daymon, and Holloway, 2010). The way of persuading the people are based not on the content but in the way the content is presented to the population. Many real world exampl es can be given in the context as the terrorism is one of the main threats to the peace and prosperity of the world. The positive example can be given in the form of the reports in the news media shoeing the victims of the terrorist attacks and their family members and their devastation is shown in the news will garner sympathy from the people and even the people who tentatively support the cause of the terrorists when the result of what they were able to achieve is presented in a manner that pictures the terrorists as the blackest of villains and remorseless killers of innocents (Dinnie, 2015). This makes the people more adverse from the effect that might influence them to become sympathetic to the cause. There is also a downside to the persuasion theory which points out that the influence that is used to affect the people need not be altruistic but the influence can easily be used to make them react in a way that conductive to the ultimate goals of the people controlling the news media (Dozier, Grunig and Grunig,2013). The same examples of terrorism can be used in these cases as there are many religious groups that have chosen terrorism as the way of proving the supremacy of their religion. These cults in many cases are supported by the news media of the region and often they portray the victims of their attacks as criminals or disbelievers who deserved nothing better than the end they got. The influence of the new media is used in this case in a negative way and the terrorists are presented as the crusaders who are fighting for the justice and the anti terrorisms are attempts to curb the religious rights of their specific faction or group (Hanzaee and Farsani, 2011). This disparity in the news media leads to mixed faiths and beliefs among the populace and the persuasion is used in the war against terrorism as the opinion painting the terrorists in the blackest colour are much more dominant that the other faction. Therefore, the persuasion theory of the public relations is effective to some degree in giving the terrorist groups negative publicity and influence the people to act actively and passively to hinder the operations of the terrorist groups. The theory of propaganda is based on the same principles of persuasion but whereas the persuasion is based on the truth or some variations of it the propaganda is based on emotional aspects driving the human nature instead of the rational part. The propaganda in the wartime is a common political move to induce hatred towards the enemy and by presenting them as monsters and thus dehumanizing them making the hate towards them a common reaction. The reason or why of the statement is ignored in the aspect of influence. The theoretical concept of systems theory is based on the similar principle and the different parts of the definition of the system is capable of describing the process of PR which has an established process and a clear boundary. The PR process has a clear boundary and the facts that are p[resented need to be based on the concept of truths and the incidents and however likely it might be to influence the audience the wrong way the truth of the statements can not be altered. For an example the PR process that the American army used to gain public support in the operations in Iraq by playing on the dictatorship of the leader Saddam and the condition o ht general populace and their condition compared to those favoured by the leader in a light that painted him in bad light and the goods he had done was ignored. This process followed a certain pattern where the facts were presented first and then analysed and then the reviews and opinions were used to put the facts into context. This is n ot a one sided process as the same was done by the opponent in releasing the abu ghraib tape of the military interrogation which pointed out the fact that the American military where outsiders who tortured their prisoners in inhumane ways. Here the system was quite simple and the facts were all presented by ignoring the obvious facts that Americans were indeed outsiders or the fact that the prisoners whose plight was so inhumane were the same treatment they put the people through year after year. In the same way the corporate entities make PR their priority as the many subsystems to the organization running the organization and the PR is the way the control over all the subsystems are exercised by the people in the management. The public relations in the business organizations are used as tools of developing a relationship between the different parts of the organization and the customers who are from the target population. The business benefits of the organizations a side of the system of making sure that the process of PR is doing its job is to promote a positive persona. The businesses suffer if there is escalating tension in the background so they also conform to the response that will allow the people from the target population and their nation to support eh business and their moves. Oftentimes the businesses are vague about their allegiance to stop either side from avoiding business with them. The anti terrorism sentiments are also same in the cases as the organizations express their condolence at the loss of the people but never makes some overt gesture about incriminating any party. From the essay it is evident that the different theories are part of the PR practices and can efficiently describe the practices and their different nuances in an analytical way. The persuasion and propaganda and the systems concept is used to describe the issue of anti terrorism and the PR issues that describes the process of the entities and the how to of handling of the situation. To conclude it can be said that the different theories that predetermine the response of the populace or the different functions that are to be targeted by the PR effort is important in determining the success of a PR campaign for both political parties and the corporate entities. The companies and the governments use the new media to influence the people in a specific direction and these are the practical implementation of the theories whose examples are given in the essay. Reference List Seitel, F.P., 1998. The practice of public relations. Ledingham, J.A., 2003. Explicating relationship management as a general theory of public relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 15(2), pp.181-198. Daymon, C. and Holloway, I., 2010. Qualitative research methods in public relations and marketing communications. Routledge. Dozier, D.M., Grunig, L.A. and Grunig, J.E., 2013. Manager's guide to excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Deephouse, D. L. (2000). Media reputation as a strategic resource: An integration of mass communication and resource-based theories. Journal of management, 26(6), 1091-1112. van Es, R. and Meijlink, T.L., 2000. The dialogical turn of public relation ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 27(1-2), pp.69-77. Hanzaee, K.H. and Farsani, F.T., 2011. The effects of brand image and perceived public relation on customer loyalty. World Applied Sciences Journal, 13(2), pp.277-286. Bibliography Ihlen, ., Van Ruler, B. and Fredriksson, M. eds., 2009. Public relations and social theory: Key figures and concepts. Routledge. Dinnie, K., 2015. Nation branding: concepts, issues, practice. Routledge. Grunig, J.E., 2013. Excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Grunig, J.E. and Dozier, D.M., 2003. Excellent public relations and effective organizations: A study of communication management in three countries. Routledge. Wasesa, S.A., 2005. Strategi public relation. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Early Childhood Education Case Study Related To Daisy - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Early Childhood Education Case Study Related To Daisy. Answer: Introduction Primary schooling can be frightening for young children, who had previously enjoyed their time in kindergarten(Birger 2008). A childs transition is the most import ant phase of a childs primary education. The scope of this current analysis is of Mary, parent of a child who attaches importance to academic preparation for a childs transition into primary one. She has sent her child Daisy enrichment programs. Daisy appeared to cope well during her initial weeks in primary one. However, after some time, she has begun to throw temper tantrums, which has alarmed everyone. She often cries at the school gate, refusing to enter the school premise despite her teachers efforts to convince her. Getting ready for school in the morning has become a great challenge for both the mother and daughter(Harcourt 2011). Year after year young children progresses to primary one, advancing from kindergarten to primary school. It is a normal advancement of schooling systems but can be daunting for many childr en. Some children does not appear to be ready for primary schooling as it involves immense transition. The scope of this analysis deals with Daisys transition and Marys preparation for making her child go into primary one(Yeung 2011). Some recommendation is provided at the end that can help ease transition of Daisy into primary one. Marys perspective on preparing her child for transition to primary school with examples. Daisys transition from kindergarten into primary one has emerged to be daunting. Parents, especially mother Mary has to cope up with multiple changes to assure the child did not feel anxious regarding the transition phase. Mary while sending Daisy to primary one schooling has to prepare for expecting many changes as possible. While the changes can be enormous, it is often daunting as a child of seven years of age has to handle it. Mary views the transition from kindergarten to primary one change as being mostly academic in nature. She believes that unlike kindergarten where there was very little amount of studies involved, primary school includes a lot of things to be done(Wortham 2015). She is mostly ignorant about the multiple other changes that come accompanied along with academic challenges. While academic pressure can be coped up with in presence of proper guidance, a child is expected to make transition into a whole new environment. At first Daisy was able to bear some of pressure from unexpected changes, however as days passed she experienced more pressure at home. Mary was not able to assimilate the fact that Daisy was adjusting to a whole new environment, hence she should not be subjected to additional academic pressures at home. On the other hand, she felt that being able to deal with academic pressure was the only way out of the situation in which Daisy was in(Chien 2010). Several literatures on the subject indicate that parents especially mothers needs to be more empathic and sometimes also sympathetic towards the several challenges the child is facing. She should not ignore them or create additional pressures. Transiting from kindergarten to primary school involves less amounts of play time and more amount of academics. But that it a singular perspective on the transition of a child. Mary needs to look at overall process of transition that would let Daisy to cope with academic pressures and other changes more readily. Rather than preparing Daisy for a fun based learning experience, Mary had done everything to scare the child even more. The child was in a state of dilemma to deal with the current situation and wanted to avoid it altogether. Ebbeck and Chan (2011) in their perspective on transition phase to primary one in early childhood education provided a wholesome view of the entire approach(Ebbeck 2011). Their article has covered a lot of new concepts along with prominent situations that are faced by parents of transiting children in Singapore. Singapore is a society where children from various communities are present, hence parents from different society experiences varied types of fea r related to primary school. Admission in primary school is often based on merit of children and their parents. Though it is not stringent but certain tests are taken prior to admission, also there starts marking criteria of children from primary one level(Anning 2008). Children from Chinese community, which comprise of a large number of Singapore population are often competitive in nature where children from other community feels outcast. Parents perspective like Mary is to prepare children to be competitive and make their children excel in academic performance. Major concentration of parents in Singapore is to make their children achieve higher grades or be top performers in their class(Essa 2012). Poon, Musti-Ra and Wettasinghe (2013) in their article attaches importance to multiple subjects that are introduced to children at primary one level(Poon 2013). Till kindergarten children are introduced to concepts in vocabulary, English, math, but at primary one level there are subjects which children needs to learn. Parents are often themselves unarmed as to discover ways to teach the young child to learn so many subjects at such time span. This creates an overall pressure for children and their parents, while they transit to primary one(McLachlan 2012). Issues pertaining to Daisys social-emotional adjustment to primary one. The process of successful transition from kindergarten to primary school has shown to have positive effects on a childs academic performance as well as social competence. Transition from pre to primary school level is a critical period for children and has been acknowledged to be traumatic or troubled or effective or enjoyable depending on ways children adapt to new learning environment by coping with demands posed by teachers and parents(Wortham 2009). At pre-school different priorities had been given to socio-emotional and academic developments for providing a formal setting for children entering primary school. Chinese population consisting of majority in Singapore emphasizes on academic performances whereas Westernized countries focuses more on social maturity as highlighted by Zhang and Siegel (1994)(Mirkhil 2010). The primary focus in Singapore based preschool centers is to prepare children for meeting academic demands at primary level completely ignoring social and emotional m aturity. The National Institute of Education in Singapore in 1997 initiated a program to enable children to cope with academic, emotional and social demands of primary level towards a more competitive and formal learning environment. Studies conducted in this domain reflects that mothers needs to provide hands-on preparation to their children to be able to cope with the several changes expected at school. She needs aid the child in dealing with emotional tantrums or any other possible environmental changes that the child is expected to face(Gordon 2013). Daisy while transiting from pre-school to primary one is expected to cope with several academic as well as social-emotional changes. First and most integral social change that Daisy is expected to make is adjustment to a new environment(Lian 2008). A child will be going to a completely new environment in a new school where there will be new classmates and teachers. Moreover, in this new environment children are expected to be trained for certain basic behavioral trends as toilet training, disciplinary training or any other similar training pertaining to specific school. Allen and Cowdery (2014) provided integral inputs regarding social transition which forms a pre-requisite in early childhood school setting(Allen 2014). In the literature importance of developing social skills amongst children were explained in great details and depth. Hartup (1992) explained the importance of children developing minimum social competence at the age of 6 otherwise they might be at risk through their e ntire life. Social competence includes curiosity, warmth, humor, confidence, reliability, spontaneity, sense of being right, morally responsible behaviour, discipline, friendliness, cooperation, problem-solving capabilities, helpfulness and adaptability as incorporated by Black and Puckett (1996)(Chan 2012). From these several areas related to social and emotional competence Daisy is most likely to face issue related to warmth, self-confidence, reliability and adaptability. Daisy had been well adjusted in her kindergarten school level and has comfort of her mother at home. While being exposed to a whole new environment, it can be least expected that she gets the same warmth that she previously got in her pre-school or one that she gets at home. Pre-school children are treated in a different manner, where they are looked after and taken care off. they are hand-held for doing each and every task, relationship of a teacher with that of a pre-school child is mother-child relationship. At primary one level there is bound to be more number of children as against pre-school and teacher will be more formal and sometimes even stick. A child like Daisy must have expected the same warmth in her initial days at school and when she missed it, she refused to go to the school. McClellan and Katz (1993) noted that most important part of early development in children is to interact and get along with other children, this helps them develop their self-confidence levels. Self-confidence is the most integral part of adult adaptation as children who are unable to mix with peer grow up to be socially handicapped, and are later unable to form close relationship. These children can suffer from poor mental health with impeded learning at school or later in their lives. Daisy is expected to face challenge in regards to self-confidence and adaptability which has hindered her from making friends. It is prominent from her behaviour as she refuses to go to school that she has not been able to make close association or adopt to situation in the primary school. She is facing socio-emotional challenge that has hindered her from making associates. Katz and McClellan (1991) emphasized the need of 3Rs along with education in lives of every children. It is during primary learni ng years that children often makes friends for lifetime. It is an integral phase in life of children that they make friends, develop relationship of trust and closeness. It is one of the first relationship that humans make in the society after their birth and association with parents. It is significant part of growing up and impacts development of a childs mental health. Parents and teacher needs to support and emphasize children into making good friends by sharing and other simple endeavors. This will help the child develop reliability on one another. Prerequisite for building and establishing effective social relationship with others is developed with abilities to emphasize and understand perspective of others. There has been several research in the past years that considers role-taking abilities amongst children to be quite sophisticated in nature. Thus, various stages of socio-emotional developments were thought to be integral for childrens development that were lagging for Dais y. Mary can adopt practices to help Daisy with the transition Children during transition face immense amounts of challenges that might affect them in their future life span. These issues and challenges has been broadly classified as being academic and social or emotional in nature. Parents especially mothers, teachers and school can play enormous role in changing the entire perspective of the child in early years transiting to primary one. The criticalness of this stage poses threats in itself that amplifies the need for carefulness while dealing with children(Ebbeck 2009). While teachers and school does play a prominent role, mothers have a larger role to play to ensure that the child is able to cope with the challenges of day to day pressures at primary one. In the current case highlighted of Daisy, she is expected to face mostly socio-emotional challenges as her mother is quite careful regarding her academic performance. Her numerous socio-emotional challenges includes lack of warmth, self-confidence, reliability and adaptability. First of all Mary could have attended orientation class with the child. This would have helped foster a spirit of self-confidence in Daisy, who was not able to adjust with latest school environment. Daisys self-confidence could be boosted also by making use of counseling, where Mary would assure her that like all children she can easily attend school. Mary could also focus on all positive achievements of Daisy along her past kindergarten experience. She could explain her that Daisy had gone to kindergarten when she was 2 and half years of age and adjusted to the environment, so this would be an easy task for her. For some time Mary should stop focusing on academics part of Daisy and provide more help in socio-emotional part. Sharing Marys positive primary level school experience could help Daisy feel more confident regarding her new school. It would provide her a feeling of assurance that her mother had gone through similar procedure, allowing her to adapt more to the environment. Sharing positive experience of Marys primary schooling would help Daisy develop a positive attachment with the environment(Zhang 2011). Emotional counseling is critical for child who are experiencing a transition phase and are unable to deal with the pressures from it. emotional counseling will provide Daisy with the warmth she is missing at school. Mary can one day take along Daisy to talk to her teacher, where she can discuss regarding the challenges she is facing. Mary can also ask personally any problems daisy is facing at her school, which she can tell the teacher. Attending to specific problems will help Daisy overcome her challenges more easily. Mary can mix with children after school gets over and talk to their parents, or may be call them at her home for a platy date. This will help Daisy to easily make friends within comfort of her home and hence develop reliability. Gan (1999) concluded in study conducted in Singapore that parents can play a large role in assisting their children to develop better socio-emotional relationship during childhood. These strategies will help Daisy overcome her current fears and step into a whole new environment which will prepare her for later in life. Conclusion Analysing pertinent literatures in early childhood education it can be said that developing socio-emotional relationship is critical as academic performance. In the current case while Daisy faces a number of socio-emotional challenges, her mother remained ignorant. Her mother needs to develop strategies to help Daisy out of the situation and overcome pertinent challenges in regards to the same. This will enable Daisy to have a much successful transition into primary one. References Allen, E. K., Cowdery, G. E. (2014).The exceptional child: Inclusion in early childhood education. Nelson Education. Anning, A., Cullen, J., Fleer, M. (2008).Early childhood education: Society and culture. Sage. Birger, F., Lee, S. K., Goh, C. B. (2008).Toward a better future: Education and training for economic development in Singapore since 1965. World Bank Publications. Chan, W. L. (2012). 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